Intro
When I start working on a new PCI device driver I generally go through a discovery phase of reading and writing to certain regsiters on the PCI card. Over the years I have written lots of small kernel modules to probe addresses within the PCI memory space, constantly iterating: modify code, recompile, scp to target, load module, unload module, dmesg.
Urk! There has to be a better way - sysfs and mmap() to the rescue.
Sysfs
Let's start at with the PCI files under sysfs:
bash# ls -l /sys/devices/pci0001\:00/0001\:00\:07.0/
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 broken_parity_status
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jul 2 20:13 bus -> ../../../bus/pci
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 class
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 256 Jul 2 20:13 config
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 device
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 devspec
-rw------- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 enable
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 irq
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 local_cpus
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 modalias
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 msi_bus
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 resource
-rw------- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 resource0
-rw------- 1 root root 65536 Jul 2 20:13 resource1
-rw------- 1 root root 16777216 Jul 2 20:13 resource2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jul 2 20:13 subsystem -> ../../../bus/pci
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 subsystem_device
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 subsystem_vendor
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 uevent
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jul 2 20:13 vendor
The vendor and device files report the PCI vendor ID and device ID:
bash# cat device
0x0001
This info is also available from lspci
bash# lspci -v
0001:00:07.0 Class 0680: Unknown device bec0:0001 (rev 01)
Flags: bus master, 66MHz, medium devsel, latency 128, IRQ 31
Memory at 8d010000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
Memory at 8d000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=64K]
Memory at 8c000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
This PCI card makes 3 separate regions of memory available to the host computer. The sysfs resource0 file corresponds to the first memory region. The PCI card lets the host computer know about these memory regions using the BAR registers in the PCI config.
mmap()
These sysfs resource can be used with mmap() to map the PCI memory into a userspace applications memory space. The application then has a pointer to the start of the PCI memory region and can read and write values directly. (There is a bit more going on here with respect to memory pointers, but that is all taken care of by the kernel).
fd = open("/sys/devices/pci0001\:00/0001\:00\:07.0/resource0", O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
ptr = mmap(0, 4096, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
printf("PCI BAR0 0x0000 = 0x%4x\n", *((unsigned short *) ptr);
Utils
The utility application "pcimem" reads and writes single values within the PCI memory space.
bash# ./pcimem /sys/devices/pci0001\:00/0001\:00\:07.0/resource0 0 w
/sys/devices/pci0001:00/0001:00:07.0/resource0 opened.
Target offset is 0x0, page size is 4096
mmap(0, 4096, 0x3, 0x1, 3, 0x0)
PCI Memory mapped to address 0x4801f000.
Value at offset 0x0 (0x4801f000): 0xC0BE0100
Download the source:
http://github.com/billfarrow/pcimem
PowerPC
To make this work on a PowerPC architecture you also need to make a small
change to the pci core. My example is from kernel 2.6.34, and hopefully this will be fixed for us in a later kernel version.
bash# vi arch/powerpc/kernel/pci-common.c
/* If memory, add on the PCI bridge address offset */
if (mmap_state == pci_mmap_mem) {
-#if 0 /* See comment in pci_resource_to_user() for why this is disabled */
+#if 1 /* See comment in pci_resource_to_user() for why this is disabled */
*offset += hose->pci_mem_offset;
#endif
res_bit = IORESOURCE_MEM;
/* We pass a fully fixed up address to userland for MMIO instead of
* a BAR value because X is lame and expects to be able to use that
* to pass to /dev/mem !
*
* That means that we'll have potentially 64 bits values where some
* userland apps only expect 32 (like X itself since it thinks only
* Sparc has 64 bits MMIO) but if we don't do that, we break it on
* 32 bits CHRPs :-(
*
* Hopefully, the sysfs insterface is immune to that gunk. Once X
* has been fixed (and the fix spread enough), we can re-enable the
* 2 lines below and pass down a BAR value to userland. In that case
* we'll also have to re-enable the matching code in
* __pci_mmap_make_offset().
*
* BenH.
*/
-#if 0
+#if 1
else if (rsrc->flags & IORESOURCE_MEM)
offset = hose->pci_mem_offset;
#endif
My Linksys WRT350N wireless router started locking up more frequently recently, requiring a power cycle to reset it. When this started happening every day, I decided to re-flash it with 
